Philadelphia will be the most wrinkle-prone city in America come 2040 thanks to high stress levels, more airborne pollution, lengthy commute times and higher than average smoking rates, according to the 2016 RoC® Wrinkle Ranking.

San Jose, Calif. will hold the least wrinkle-prone title in 2040 due to its shorter commute time, smaller population size and anticipated shift toward a wetter climate, the study showed.

To arrive at these predictions, RoC® Skincare partnered with independent research firm Sperling’s Best Places to perform a meta-analysis. All data was adjusted by the current population to arrive at “per capita” figures, providing an accurate comparison between cities of varying sizes. Each metropolitan area in the study received points for each of the criteria based on their relation to the other metropolitan areas’ scores in that data category, and category scores were weighted and aggregated to determine an overall “Wrinkle Index” score to rank the top U.S. metro areas.

In general, large metropolitan areas such as Philadelphia, Washington D.C. and New York City will continue to round out the top 10 most wrinkle-prone metro areas due to their extreme urban environments, including more congested commuting and lower air quality, the survey showed

Higher temperatures along with less precipitation will increase the risk of wrinkles in certain areas such as the Great Lakes and the Northeast. Meanwhile, Texan residents, beware of drier skin as cities such as Dallas, Houston and San Antonio will see the greatest decrease in average annual precipitation.

2040 Forecast: Most to Least Wrinkle-Prone Cities in America

1. Philadelphia, PA

2. Denver-Aurora, CO

3. Seattle-Bellevue-Everett, WA

4. Chicago-Naperville-Arlington Heights, IL

5. Minneapolis-St. Paul-Bloomington, MN-WI

6. Phoenix-Mesa-Scottsdale, AZ

7. Washington-Arlington-Alexandria, DC-VA-MD-WV

8. New York, NY

9. Warren, MI

10. Edison, NJ

11. Portland-Vancouver-Beaverton, OR-WA

12. Pittsburgh, PA

13. Atlanta-Sandy Springs-Marietta, GA

14. Nassau County-Suffolk County, NY

15. Boston-Quincy, MA

16. Baltimore-Towson, MD

17. St. Louis, MO-IL

18. Newark, NJ-PA

19. Providence-New Bedford-Fall River, RI-MA

20. Cambridge-Newton-Framingham, MA

21. Houston-Sugar Land-Baytown, TX

22. Tampa-St. Petersburg-Clearwater, FL

23. Nashville-Davidson-Murfreesboro-Franklin, TN

24. Cincinnati-Middletown, OH-KY-IN

25. Los Angeles-Long Beach-Glendale, CA

26. Riverside-San Bernardino-Ontario, CA

27. Kansas City, MO-KS

28. Indianapolis-Carmel, IN

29. Columbus, OH

30. Miami-Miami Beach-Kendall, FL

31. Charlotte-Gastonia-Concord, NC-SC

32. Orlando-Kissimmee, FL

33. Milwaukee-Waukesha-West Allis, WI

34. Fort Worth-Arlington, TX

35. Cleveland-Elyria-Mentor, OH

36. Dallas-Plano-Irving, TX

37. Las Vegas-Paradise, NV

38. Oakland-Hayward-Berkeley, CA

39. Sacramento-Arden-Arcade-Roseville, CA

40. Austin-Round Rock, TX

41. Detroit-Dearborn-Livonia, MI

42. San Diego-Carlsbad-San Marcos, CA

43. Fort Lauderdale-Pompano Beach-Deerfield Beach, FL

44. San Antonio, TX

45. Santa Ana, CA

46. San Francisco-Redwood City-South San Francisco, CA

47. Virginia Beach-Norfolk-Newport News, VA-NC

48. Jacksonville, FL

49. West Palm Beach-Boca Raton-Delray Beach, FL

50. San Jose-Sunnyvale-Santa Clara, CA