Fewer Cases of Melanoma, Cancers in Extracutaneous Sites Seen in Patients with Atopy

Patients with a history of atopy have fewer cutaneous melanomas than those without atopy: a cross-sectional study in 496 patients at risk of skin cancers.

Fewer cases of melanoma are observed in people with a history of atopic diseases, such as allergic asthma or rhinitis, than in nonatopic people, according to a new study in Melanoma Research.

Specifically, the risk of melanoma in people with atopy was up to 50% lower than in the control group. In addition, people with atopy had a considerably lower overall risk of skin cancer. 

Atopic diseases have become increasingly prevalent in industrialized countries over the past decades. The prevalence of skin cancers, too, has increased, which has raised questions about a possible association between the two. Studies have suggested that chronic inflammation associated with atopic diseases, or an abnormal immune response, may either contribute to the development of cancer, or prevent it.

“The latest theory is that the skin has a naturally occurring autoreactive immunoglobulin E response that could protect against carcinogens and skin damage leading to cancer. This theory makes sense because atopic diseases typically involve an IgE-mediated allergy, so the protective mechanism may be even more pronounced in atopic skin,” says study author professor Ilkka Harvima, who led the study at the University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, in a news release.

Conducted under the North Savo Skin Cancer Programme, the study recruited 496 adult patients estimated to have an increased risk of basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, or melanoma, in the dermatological outpatient clinic of Kuopio University Hospital. Dermatologists at the University of Eastern Finland carefully analyzed the patients’ background information and medical history and examined their skin. The dermatologists also classified the patients into different skin cancer risk classes, namely low risk, moderate risk and high risk. The patients’ history of atopic diseases was also analyzed, after which atopic patients were divided into groups based on whether they had mucous membrane atopy or atopic dermatitis.

There were considerably fewer cases of melanoma and cancers in extracutaneous sites, and a better general skin cancer risk classification than in the atopic patients, the study showed. Logistic regression analysis showed that in atopic patients, the risk of melanoma was almost 50% lower, and the risk of cancers in extracutaneous sites was more than 50% lower than in nonatopic patients. When 94 immunosuppressed patients were removed from the analysis, the reduced melanoma risk was found to be particularly pronounced in the mucous membrane atopy group, where the risk was more than 50% lower than in the nonatopic group.

However, there was no statistically significant association between atopy and the severity of photoageing, actinic keratoses, nevus count, basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma in the study. In addition, serum total IgE levels were not associated with these skin changes nor with cancers in extracutaneous sites. 

Since the research design was cross-sectional, the researchers were unable to demonstrate a causal relationship.

“The cellular mechanism between atopy and melanoma needs to be studied further, and skin biopsies taken from the study subjects are currently under analysis,” says study author and doctoral researcher Jenni Komulainen, MD.

Research conducted under the North Savo Skin Cancer Programme has previously concluded that mortality due to malignant melanoma in the North Savo region is relatively high in relation to its incidence, and the researchers also observed fewer cases of melanoma among people taking vitamin D supplements regularly. Professor Harvima notes that to reduce melanoma and other skin cancers in the North Savo region, it is vital to identify further factors that are relevant to the risk of developing cancer.