There are at least 60 genetic neurocutaneous disorders that involve the skin, central nervous system, according to a review article in the Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports.

For example, neurofibromatosis causes brown spots on the skin and benign tumors on the brain, spinal cord and other parts of the nervous system, report researchers from Loyola University Medical Center and Loyola University Chicago Stritch School of Medicine.

In general, neurocutaneous disorders are caused by abnormal development of cells in the embryonic stage, leading to tumors in various parts of the body, including the skin, organs, bones, brain and spinal cord.

Disorders may be inherited or develop from spontaneous mutations. Although treatments are improving, there are no cures for neurocutaneous disorders, the review authors write.

There are two types of neurofibromatosis, known as NF1 and NF2, and a related condition called schwannomatosis. NF-1 affects about 1 in 3,500 live births, or about 100,000 people in the United States, according to the article.

People with NF typically have brown spots on the skin called café-au-lait spots; soft bumps on or under the skin called neurofibromas; and tiny bumps on the iris called Lisch nodules. NF can cause a wide range of effects throughout the body, including learning disabilities; hyperactivity; headaches; hearing problems; short stature; facial drop; heart problems; numbness and weakness in arms or legs; balance problems; and bone deformities such as curvature of the spine.

Neurofibromatosis patients “are best managed by a multidisciplinary team of specialists aiming to maximize healthy growth and development and to treat complications as early as possible,” the article says.

Among the other more common neurocutaneous disorders are:

• Tuberous sclerosis complex, which affects about 1 in 5,8000 newborns.
• Sturge-Weber syndrome, which affects between 1 in 20,000 and 1 in 50,000 newborns.

Less common neurocutaneous disorders include:

• Von Hippel-Lindau disease
• Hypomelanosis of Ito
•  Pseudoxanthoma elasticum
• Xeroderma pigmentosum
• Ataxia- telangiectasia
• Fabry disease