Analyzing the Overlap Between Atopic Dermatitis, Prurigo Nodularis, and Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria

Analyzing the Overlap Between Atopic Dermatitis, Prurigo Nodularis, and Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria
Analyzing the Overlap Between Atopic Dermatitis, Prurigo Nodularis, and Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria
Analyzing the Overlap Between Atopic Dermatitis, Prurigo Nodularis, and Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria
Dr. Neal Bhatia:Hi, I'm Dr. Neal Bhatia. I'm Chief Medical Editor of Practical Dermatology, and I'm here with the brains of the outfit of our specialty, Dr. Jason Hawkes. Jason, tell the gang where you are nowadays.
Jason Hawkes:Hi, I'm Jason Hawkes, I'm the Co-owner and Chief Scientific Officer and Investigator at the Oregon Medical Research Center in Portland, Oregon, where we really conduct a lot of inflammatory clinical trials.
Dr. Neal Bhatia:So, this is another installment of the Type 2 Inflammation Journal Club. We were going to talk about fantasy football, but maybe we skip that.
Jason Hawkes:Just might throw it in a little bit.
Dr. Neal Bhatia:Maybe a little bit. So Jason, obviously you and I go deep into immunology, we're both a bunch of nerds. You've done some amazing work on some of the publications throughout your career. This is something that we talked about, type 2 inflammation and its role in dermatologic diseases, an article you were part of. Again, thinking all across the board, obviously atopic dermatitis being the headliner, but prurigo nodules, chronic spontaneous urticaria. Just give us a synopsis of this concept of type 2 inflammation as a whole.
Jason Hawkes:I mean, you know as well as I do that drugs were approved for diseases, and so when we saw patients, we were thinking about this patient's a psoriasis patient and give them this drug. This patient's an eczema patient, give them this drug. But then we early on in AD developed something that blocked type 2 inflammation at a high level, and I think you look at that landmark medication blocking IL-4 and -13, and you see the eight indications over eight years. You walk down the list in atopic dermatitis, for example, and [00:01:30] you see IL-4 didn't really work in asthma. IL-5 is an eosinophilic asthma. We see IL-31, works for itching, questionable if it's really anti-inflammatory, there's been these paradoxical reports. And you start to look at that different for type 2 inflammation, you start to see the power of 4 and 13 together. And the purpose of the article was to try to get providers in the mindset of thinking not about a disease and a treatment, but that when these patients walk in, they don't often have one disease, as you know. They come in with eczema and they also have allergies and they've got this history of hives, some have asthma. So, we're treating patients with this background of dysregulated type 2 inflammation.
Dr. Neal Bhatia:And you remember, we were all trained on this mystical wall, that you can't have type 1, 2, or type 1 and type 2 at the same time. You can't have the four delayed type and cytotoxic serum sickness and everything else in the hypersensitivity world at the same time. And yet, now we're seeing all this Venn diagram of everything overlapping. So, where do you see that definition?
Jason Hawkes:Yeah. Well, and I think in the inflammatory space, it makes sense. All these can mimic each other and we think about the atopic triad, but now you pick up diseases like BP and CSU. Who would have ever thought those diseases had anything to do with the eczema? COPD, I mean, for all these patients we treat in the VA, we would have never thought, oh, there's an eosinophilic subtype. So, I think now what bringing this paper together was really to say, we've got atopic dermatitis, but you also have PN and you have CSU, and they're just these distinct clinical entities that look totally different clinically. Different onset, different symptoms, different presentations, and yet, still type 2 inflammation brings these together. And I think that, as you start to think about patients from the immune perspective as like, what's happening? Are you type 2 inflammation? Are you type 3 inflammation? We start to view patients not as a disease, but like, what's the best therapy that can knock out potentially multiple things?
Dr. Neal Bhatia:Matching the building blocks of the therapy, matching the building blocks of the disease, finding a way to match them together, and put out the fire from that way. But here's a trick question. Which diseases deserve the term autoimmune? When we think about the immune system working against us, because this term in the real world, everyone thinks they have lupus, they think they have some autoimmune or auto-mediated IgE disease or IgG disease, and it's a real crossover talk that often gets misplaced. So, who deserves autoimmune?
Jason Hawkes:Well, we've arbitrarily made the immune system simple for our talks and papers, and it's not. So, we have patients that clearly have autoinflammatory conditions, take atopic dermatitis, yet those patients also have autoimmune components. They developed very specific drug allergies, food allergies. So, I think we're trying to make it binary, but it's not. And I think those terms, just like immunosuppression, are confusing.
Dr. Neal Bhatia:Completely.
Jason Hawkes:Are we going to suppress your immune system? Yes, because we're going to... But we want to suppress the things that we want to knock down.
Dr. Neal Bhatia:Exactly. We're going to take out what we need to not work against us, but at the same time, we're trying to optimize the immune surveillance that can help us.
Jason Hawkes:Yeah. I mean, I think what I try to do with patients as we've talked to them, they're like, "Is this an autoimmune condition?" You're just like, "Well, think of it this way. Your immune system is doing too much and we need to try to find what's happening and shut it down." And in a lot of those patients, it does tend to be type 2 inflammation, for the ones we're talking about in the article, but there may still be other components. People can still go on to develop autoimmune conditions. So, I think the nomenclature is less important and more about trying to identify, what are the key immune features that are going on in this patient? And then say, do we select the best treatment? And if I can select a treatment that can treat multiple conditions at the same time, that simplifies the regimens for these patients. So, I'm not that worried about trying to classify them, autoimmune, autoinflammatory. If I know what's happening and I know there's a good therapy, then the conversation is, "For what I think is going on, this is going to be the best therapy for you."
Dr. Neal Bhatia:Oh, absolutely. And I think it's up to us as dermatologists to ask the right questions under the hood.
Jason Hawkes:Sure.
Dr. Neal Bhatia:Ask about their eyes. Did they get conjunctivitis? Do they have sore throats? Do they have rhinitis? Any problem with wheezing, anything in their lungs, any GI issues? That's the way to uncover at least the potential to say, is there anything else that's under the hood that could be a good optimizing agent that we can apply to that?
Jason Hawkes:And it doesn't mean you have to treat it, and I think that's where clinicians get stuck. They're like, "I don't want to ask about the asthma because I'm not going to do anything about asthma." It's like, that's fair. Let pulmonology manage the asthma, but you should be aware they have it-
Dr. Neal Bhatia:For sure.
Jason Hawkes:... because you're selecting a therapy. So I think there's disconnect of, I don't want to ask questions and open something up, but you do if it's going to help the patient.
Dr. Neal Bhatia:Oh, absolutely. And you and I are two of the biggest proponents of keeping medical derm live. We don't want to give the specialty away to allergists and rheumatologists. At the same time, we want to use their expertise and get a fresh set of eyes when we need it and optimizing the therapies that they may say, "Well, this might be a better application than otherwise." More importantly is again, just summarizing where urticaria fits versus atopic dermatitis fits. I mean, you've done more work than anybody else. Where do you see us moving ahead in trying to put our therapies into a context?
Jason Hawkes:Yeah. I mean, urticaria is different, I think I like to start there. What is urticaria versus some of the other conditions you've heard a lot about? Atopic dermatitis is a T cell-mediated disease, right? We can talk about barrier function and hypersensitivity, but the core of what's happening is dysregulated type 2 inflammation from the T cells. And sure, there's lots of other components, but that's the core feature. Why do we know that? Because if you block it, you can shut off most of those things. Blocking type 2 inflammation reverses barrier repair, etc, reduces their infection, normalizes their microbiome. But that's still T cell mediated. And then we have mast cells, which are driving urticaria. So different cell type, different immune response, mast cells, type 2 inflammation. Obviously there's going to be some component of type 2 regulation. I think where CSU is a little different from AD is we have this very strong reproducible autoantibody component. We've got IgG antibodies, we've got IgE antibodies. So, there's a very clear autoimmune component.
Dr. Neal Bhatia:Completely.
Jason Hawkes:But yet, blocking type 2 inflammation seems to work for a good subset of patients. So it tells us that, again, the immune system's complex, that mast cells can be activated by a lot of outside features, autoantibodies, but there's still a role for type 2 inflammation helping sustain that chronic component. So, I think it makes sense for a therapy. I think we have other layers that we're adding, so we have more targeted mast cell. I think Th2 is a little more indirect, it's-
Dr. Neal Bhatia:Yeah. Well, it shows you that I mean, things aren't on both sides of the wall. There is a common ground somewhere in the middle that can optimize that. And I think your description was well adverse on that. So, that's great.
Jason Hawkes:Yeah, and I think having these patients have options are good, but clinicians also have to know the nuances of the therapies.
Dr. Neal Bhatia:Oh, absolutely. And if we forget about MOA, I think we're all done.
Jason Hawkes:Yeah.
Dr. Neal Bhatia:All right. Real quick on fantasy football or no?
Jason Hawkes:I lost. That's all I can say.
Dr. Neal Bhatia:You and me both.
Jason Hawkes:So, maybe next year.
Dr. Neal Bhatia:And this is another installment of the Type 2 Inflammation Journal Club, and we'll see you next time.
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