Implications of the Overlap Between CSU and Atopic Dermatitis

Implications of the Overlap Between CSU and Atopic Dermatitis
Dr. Neal Bhatia (00:04):
Hi, I am Dr. Neal Bhatia, Chief Medical Editor of Practical Dermatology, and I'm with my colleague and friend, Dr. Walter Liszewski, Associate Professor of Dermatology at Northwestern University in Chicago.
(00:15):
Walter, you and I share a lot of common interests. Both a bunch of nerds, first of all.
Dr. Walter J. Liszewski (00:19):
Absolutely.
Dr. Neal Bhatia (00:19):
Which is also good. Let's talk a little bit about the overlap between urticaria, specifically chronic spontaneous urticaria, and atopic dermatitis. There's been a lot of talk about some of the therapies, some of the overlap. Just give me your perspective off the top of your head.
Dr. Walter J. Liszewski (00:32):
This is incredible because, for so long ... I mean, I've been doing this a long time. I know you've been doing this a long time. We were both trained on how to manage chronic urticaria, but there's a lot of dermatologists, people who maybe came out of training two, three, five years ago, who've never really managed CSU. They don't understand what it's like to manage CSU patients.
(00:50):
And we have some really great data coming up about how heterogeneous CSU is. Now, there's a couple of different ways you can think about chronic urticaria or urticaria in general. We think about acute versus chronic, meaning it's been going on for more than six weeks. We think about CSU, meaning a chronic urticaria of unknown origin, versus a CIndU, what we used to call physical urticarias or cold urticaria, heat urticaria, but one of the cool things that's emerging is, immunologically, we think of CSU as a type I, which is an IgE-mediated, and a type IIb. Now, I'm not talking about Th1/Th2-
Dr. Neal Bhatia (01:23):
No, no, these go back to the fundamentals of the four types of hypersensitivity, immediate type I versus delayed four versus everything in between. Serum sickness and cytotoxic-
Dr. Walter J. Liszewski (01:31):
That is correct.
Dr. Neal Bhatia (01:33):
... and I'm glad you brought that up because that is, again, the essence of presentation, the essence of chronicity versus early delivery of the hives and the wheals, if you will. But go again with where you're going with that.
Dr. Walter J. Liszewski (01:45):
Where we're going with this is that we're realizing is that there are different types of CSU. There are different immunological phenotypes. And because of that, certain diseases may correlate with a certain type. What's really cool about this paper we're going to go through is that in this study from Israel, they found that for patients who have both CSU and atopic dermatitis, which was about 10% of the patient population, there are very high levels of IgE.
(02:09):
Why is that important? When we talk about the type I CSU, that's usually an IgE-mediated process, versus the type IIb is probably an IgG-mediated. It's a little bit of an oversimplification, but the point of it is that the immunology is different and the phenotypes, but ultimately the response is different. Now, historically, how have you managed CSU in the past?
Dr. Neal Bhatia (02:31):
And going with that, first thing everyone always does, which myself included, early days, was checking IgE levels, like we were trying to find Job Syndrome or something else, but also just thinking in terms of, are we blocking the right pathway? Are we treating the itch? Obviously, I'm trained in the dark ages. We didn't have a lot of these good therapies we have now. But to your point, too, key was making the diagnosis.
Dr. Walter J. Liszewski (02:53):
Absolutely.
Dr. Neal Bhatia (02:54):
And as an aside, I mean, we think about research all the time. Think about inclusion criteria. Think about who's making the diagnosis. How many atopic patients have been enrolled in urticaria trials and vice versa and failed?
(03:06):
But your point about how do we treat, I think, again, if we're not ... I mean, obviously antihistamines are part of the fundamentals. And again, these biologics that we've fortunately had omalizumab for a while. Now, we have data on dupilumab, and now we have remibrutinib approved. But in terms of where do they fit, I'll go back to your earlier case. Are we still on the wall of this? Is type I and type IV hypersensitivity, or are we approaching the overlap?
Dr. Walter J. Liszewski (03:31):
And I think what we're starting to see is that for a long time before we had omalizumab, what would we do? We would give mycophenolate. We would do azathioprine. We would use broad immunosuppressive drugs where it doesn't really matter what the underlying inflammation is. You're going to quell all the inflammation. You're going to get improvement.
Dr. Neal Bhatia (03:46):
And those were cytotoxic drugs.
Dr. Walter J. Liszewski (03:48):
They were cytotoxic drugs. They had a lot of side effects. And we know that on average, most patients with CSU are going to have the disease for a minimum five, six, if not longer. And who tends to get CSU? Disproportionately women between the ages 18 and 40. The patient population you don't want to be giving methotrexate to.
(04:05):
When we had omalizumab came out, it was great. It was revolutionary, but it targets IgE. And one of the things we've known in the literature, and one thing the study shows, is that when patients have a lower normal IgE, they may not respond to omalizumab. And that's where, now that we have these new drugs, we have dupilumab approved. We have remibrutinib approved. It becomes very easy for us to manage patients who have high IgE or low IgE.
(04:29):
And one of the interesting things in the study was, for many patients who had coexisting asthma and CSU, not all of them responded to omalizumab, but when you gave them dupilumab, which is FDA approved for both asthma and CSU, it worked perfectly for both.
Dr. Neal Bhatia (04:44):
See, there you go. And that counters the overlap. And again, taking away Th2, we're talking about all of those four different types of immune responses. That being said, I mean, think in terms of the paradigm, or do we have to have a step where people should go A, B, C? Or do we just say this is maybe the right process because of the overlap of atopy or because we're trying to counter maybe what's showing up as both?
Dr. Walter J. Liszewski (05:04):
There's a couple ways to look at that. One of the interesting things that they do in this paper, not only do they look at IgE. They also look at anti-IgG-TPO. Thyroid peroxidase. And that is a marker of that type IIb. That's the marker of the IgG-dominant CSU. And when you look at the clinical trial data for remibrutinib, you look at the clinical trial data for dupilumab, it actually works well in both high IgE, low IgE, works in both patient groups, because the mechanism of action of dupilumab, which is targeting IL-4, or remibrutinib, which is targeting BTK kinases, exist independently of IgE.
(05:43):
When we have the ability for patients who have coexisting Th2 diseases, like asthma and CSU or atopic dermatitis and CSU or EoE and CSU, choosing a drug like dupilumab that's going to work for both can be very effective.
Dr. Neal Bhatia (05:59):
That makes sense.
Dr. Walter J. Liszewski (06:00):
And that's what the authors in this paper show.
Dr. Neal Bhatia (06:01):
That's good. As an aside, I know patch testing is your baby. Would you say somewhere in this discussion of, again, within the article as well, would patch testing not only have a role in making a helpful diagnosis, but would we have to stop any of these therapies to maybe obscure the patch status?
Dr. Walter J. Liszewski (06:18):
There's two parts to that. For classic chronic urticaria, there's no indication to do patch testing or skin-prick testing. And the American Academy of Asthma, Allergy, and Immunology, the AAAAI, is very explicit in their guidelines. You are not to do routine allergy testing, skin-prick, or patch testing because CSU is not due to an allergy. It's an autoimmune disorder. And that's one of the key things that I think many dermatologists who are just out of practice who haven't managed a lot of CSU, they associate hives with an allergic reaction.
(06:49):
The way I describe it, think about pimples. What are some diseases where you'll see pimples? It could be acne. It could be rosacea. You could have hormonal acne. You could have fungal acne. Just because someone has a pimple, though, you wouldn't treat all of it with benzoyl peroxide. You wouldn't treat all of it with spironolactone. As dermatologists, we realize there are different underlying immunological causes why someone will get pimples and how you treat it.
(07:11):
Similarly, when it comes to hives, it may be the result of an allergic reaction. But in CSU, it is due to an autoimmune process, an IgE or IgG-mediated process. Even though the end result is the same, mentally, intellectually, we can appreciate, there could be different underlying causes-
Dr. Neal Bhatia (07:29):
That makes perfect sense.
Dr. Walter J. Liszewski (07:30):
And for CSU, you don't need allergy testing-
Dr. Neal Bhatia (07:31):
Exactly. Well, and again, throwing antihistamines just to solve an immediate problem doesn't break the process. It doesn't stop the faucet, which again goes back to the point that you're making about, how do we overlap all of this and shut it all down?
Dr. Walter J. Liszewski (07:43):
And the reality is we know, again, many of these patients are going to have CSU for more than five years. And if a patient came in with severe psoriasis, 30%, 40% body surface area, I don't think there's a dermatologist, hopefully, who would not realize this is going to be a chronic process. We need to do some form of advanced therapy to control this. Unfortunately, many CSU patients are not receiving the same level of treatment. They have poorly controlled disease. We know that this is not just something that a Medrol Dose Pack is going to fix.
Dr. Neal Bhatia (08:11):
For sure.
Dr. Walter J. Liszewski (08:12):
We have to have sustainable options. When it comes time to select a treatment, knowing about patient comorbidities can help us select better targets that are going to be tailored to address multiple causes.
Dr. Neal Bhatia (08:23):
It goes back to the same underlying thing. Don't think about the cost of treating. Think about the cost of not treating.
Dr. Walter J. Liszewski (08:27):
Exactly, because we know the morbidity from CSU is huge. People call off sick. People are embarrassed. When people have CSU, they have angioedema of their eyelids. They don't want to go in public. It causes depression. There's absenteeism at work. We know that the societal cost of CSU is high. And we, as dermatologists, are trained to manage dupilumab. We're trained to manage small molecular inhibitors like remibrutinib.
Dr. Neal Bhatia (08:52):
Exactly.
Dr. Walter J. Liszewski (08:53):
We have the ability to improve the quality of life of our patients-
Dr. Neal Bhatia (08:56):
Well, and again, as a professor, in teaching instinct, we should be telling our young ones, "Don't give these up. Don't give this away to the allergist." These are dermatology problems. We should be treating them as such.
Dr. Walter J. Liszewski (09:07):
It's always interesting for me because I feel like a lot of patients with eczema actually will enter through allergists because they're convinced they have a food allergy.
Dr. Neal Bhatia (09:14):
Absolutely.
Dr. Walter J. Liszewski (09:15):
But a lot of CSU patients enter through dermatology, and then a dermatologist will say, "Well, I think you need allergy testing. I'm going to send you to an allergist."
Dr. Neal Bhatia (09:22):
And then we lose them.
Dr. Walter J. Liszewski (09:23):
But they wait six months. And they're miserable. They can't sleep. If a patient came in with severe PN and was itching, couldn't sleep, covered in excoriations, you would say, "I can't let this person leave my office without giving them relief." We do this all the time for CSU patients, and it's unfortunate.
Dr. Neal Bhatia (09:40):
No, that's good. Well, this is a great overview of the article.
Dr. Walter J. Liszewski (09:42):
Absolutely.
Dr. Neal Bhatia (09:42):
And thank you, Walter. As usual, your brilliance shines. And thank you for having us with you. And this is another episode of Type 2 Inflammation Journal Club, and we'll see you next time.
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