Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin condition affecting 2.6 percent of the US population.1 Topical agents including corticosteroids and vitamin D analogues are usually first-line treatments for mild to moderate psoriasis.2 However, other therapies must be considered in patients with more severe disease or when topical steroids become ineffective. Phototherapy is a safe and effective treatment for psoriasis that can be used for more severe cases.3 Types of phototherapy for psoriasis include broadband UVB (280-315nm), narrowband UVB (311nm), or psoralen plus ultraviolet A (PUVA). Although PUVA is extremely effective, it is used less often due to acute side effects such as nausea from psoralen ingestion and a possible long-term increase in cutaneous malignancies. Therefore, UVB phototherapy is most commonly used for psoriasis.
UVB phototherapy is generally offered in an outpatient clinic, which requires patients to travel two to three times a week during business hours for treatment. This makes it relatively time consuming and often inconvenient for patients. To overcome these drawbacks of outpatient UVB phototherapy, home UVB equipment was introduced in Sweden in the late 1970s.4 Despite literature showing home phototherapy to be well tolerated, efficacious, and economical, many dermatologists do not offer home UVB as a treatment option for patients due to the perceived high risk of treatment.5 Patients should receive detailed education on the use of home UVB including goals of treatment and how to recognize adverse reactions. In addition, patient instructions must be individualized, given that each brand of phototherapy equipment has different recommended treatment protocols, safety measures, and maintenance requirements. This article aims to provide a practical approach to the use of home UVB phototherapy for treatment of generalized psoriasis.
Choosing Patients for Home Phototherapy
Based on more than a decade of clinical experience at
the University of California, San Francisco Psoriasis
and Skin Treatment Center, we compiled information
on choosing patients for home phototherapy and
patient education. Supplemental data on the safety
and efficacy of home UVB phototherapy were
obtained by literature search using PubMed. English
language articles between 1984 and 2010 were found
using the key word “home” combined with “UVB phototherapy.”
Additional information about phototherapy
equipment was collected through individual company
websites and through direct contact (National
Biological Corporation, Daavlin, and UVBiotek).
A thorough history and physical examination is the first step to identifying ideal patients for home phototherapy. 3 UVB phototherapy is appropriate for psoriasis patients with widespread or generalized disease for whom topical therapy is impractical or ineffective. Phototherapy is contraindicated in patients who are photosensitive due to medications or underlying photosensitive disease. Numerous medications can potentially photosensitize patients. Common offenders include thiazide diuretics, furosemide, tetracyclines, sulfonamides, amiodarone, diltiazem, and oral antifungal agents. Retinoids are also photosensitizing, but the oral retinoid acitretin is sometimes combined with phototherapy to augment response; Such combination therapy should be closely supervised by a physician. Care should also be taken with the use of potentially photosensitizing antidepressants, such as amitriptyline or desipramine, as well as antipsychotics like chlorpromazine, and hypoglycemic agents including glyburide and glipizide. If possible, alternative medications should be substituted to prevent phototoxicity. Examples of photosensitive diseases include lupus, rosacea, porphyria, polymorphous light eruption, and vitiligo. Other relative contraindications to UVB phototherapy include current or past history of melanoma or a history of recurrent non-melanoma skin cancers.
Although the risks of home phototherapy are low and comparable to outpatient treatment, there is a potential for severe erythema, burns, or blistering.6 Given concerns for these risks, only reliable patients should be chosen for treatment. Reliable patients have established a good relationship with the caregiver, can follow instructions, and who understand the risks of treatment. Candidates for home phototherapy are those for whom long-term outpatient phototherapy is impractical secondary to scheduling constraints, transportation issues, or cost. If outpatient therapy is at all feasible, it should be first-line, given closer monitoring and dose determination by a health care professional.
The ideal situation is when patients starting home phototherapy have had previous experience with outpatient phototherapy. This ensures a therapeutic response to phototherapy has been demonstrated prior to investment in a home unit. Previous experience with outpatient phototherapy provides an educational experience that decreases the risk for adverse events with a home unit. Patients should be taught the goals of treatment and the concept of suberythemogenic phototherapy in which dosimetry is started conservatively and slowly titrated to prevent uncomfortable burning sensations associated with higher doses.7 With the help of phototherapy staff, patients will learn how to differentiate between significant erythema and burning, versus desirable slight pinkening of the skin. This outpatient experience provides a good transition for patients interested in home phototherapy.
Home Phototherapy Equipment
Appropriate candidates for home phototherapy should
next work with their medical provider to select a type
of UVB panel. Currently the National Psoriasis
Foundation recommends three brands of home phototherapy
equipment: National Biological Corporation,
Daavlin, and UVBiotek.8 Ultimately, patients make the
final decision on equipment choice. Factors that may
influence the decision include cost, size, and machine
design (Table 1). For example, small, flat panel
machines treat only one side of the body at a time and
therefore may require the patient to treat all four sides
of the body individually by turning after each dose.
The addition of reflecting side panels or wings increases
dispersion of UV rays, thus allowing a greater area to be treated in a uniform manner. This allows for
fewer treatments and decreased amount of time, but
with the tradeoff of increased size and cost. In addition,
some panels have more bulbs than others, maximizing
lamp output and shortening treatment sessions.
The only required feature that we recommend in home phototherapy equipment is the ability to regulate the number of treatments received by the patients. This prevents misuse and ensures that patients will follow-up regularly in clinic in order to get prescriptions for additional treatment sessions. Each of the above brands provides different methods of allowing such regulation (Table 1).
Since each brand of home phototherapy equipment is designed differently, individual instructions for proper use should be provided according to the type of machine. Variations in patient positioning during treatment, equipment maintenance, and other practical considerations exist between equipment, and this should be emphasized to patients during orientations. In particular, patients should note that even though lamps may still turn on and appear normal after many accumulated hours of use, the UV energy levels may become so low that effectiveness of the treatments is negated, making recommended lamp replacement highly advisable. With the exception of early lamp failures, it is recommended that all lamps be replaced at the same time when deterioration or failure is due to age. Random lamp replacement will create a “hot spot” and uneven distribution of UV energy, which may result in severe erythema to overexposed areas.
Prescribing Home Phototherapy
Once the patient has chosen a UVB panel, a prescription
for the specific machine can be written out. This
prescription should be faxed along with a letter of
medical necessity, a copy of the last office visit note,
patient demographics, and insurance information to the respective UVB company. Each
company has representatives who
will obtain authorization from the
patient's insurance and attempt to
get the entire cost or at least part
of the cost covered. If not covered,
each company can also set up
financing options to assist patients
in paying for the equipment. In
our experience, this authorization
process can take up to two to three
weeks and, therefore, should be
initiated as soon as patients are
considering home phototherapy.
Up to 80 percent of patients do get
some type of coverage by their
respective insurance company.
Patient Education and Orientation
Prior to starting home phototherapy,
patients should be educated
about the goals and expectations of
treatment. Clinical improvement
may take weeks to months, and
their psoriasis may occasionally
flare despite adhering to the protocol.
However, patients can expect
an overall improvement in their
condition with fewer flares and
increased quality of life.
Patients should also be educated about issues relating to safety, adverse side effects, and follow-up. Patients should always protect eyes with UV goggles and cover sensitive areas such as genitals with an athletic supporter. Before exposure, lip balm should be applied to lips. If the face is not involved, sunscreen should also be applied generously to the facial area including ears. It is also important for patients to ensure that all other persons vacate the treatment area during the treatment session to avoid unnecessary exposure to the UV energy of the device. Patients should also be educated on how to deal with adverse side effects. Erythema and mild burning may be treated with emollients and mid- to high-strength topical steroids. For more severe burns or blisters, patients should be advised to immediately see their physician for an evaluation. When adverse side effects occur, home UVB should be temporarily discontinued until skin symptoms and appearance normalize. When home UVB is resumed, it should be at a significantly reduced dose. Finally, the importance of maintaining regular follow-up appointments must be emphasized to patients. These appointments are required to monitor response to phototherapy, adjust dose appropriately, and monitor for any suspicious skin lesions. A written contract documenting this commitment to regular follow-up may assist in highlighting this requirement.
Treatment Protocols & Follow-Up
Although minimal erythema
dose (MED) determination
and subsequent dose calculation
is the formal method
of establishing initial dose,
this process is often cumbersome
and labor intensive.
Therefore, most phototherapy
centers have now adopted initial dose determination
based on patient's Fitzpatrick skin type.3
Increments of dose increase are also determined by
skin type in addition to response to previous treatments.
The underlying principle is to increase the
UVB dose gradually until the MED is reached and
then try to maintain the UVB dose just below the
MED (suberythemogenic phototherapy).7 This approach eliminates the need for formal MED testing
in most patients. It is also simpler and more efficient
than methods using incremental dosages calculated
as a certain percentage of the previous dosage.
A standard protocol for UVB phototherapy is three times per week with a minimum of 24 hours between sessions. Treatment every other day is effective for most patients. Patients should be instructed to dose phototherapy as per treatment protocol and use proper technique as taught during outpatient phototherapy and home phototherapy orientation. Moisturizer should be immediately applied following treatment to prevent excessive dryness and subsequent itching.
Again, because different phototherapy machines vary in UV output, different starting doses and dose increments should be employed. The specific protocol should be discussed with patients at orientation, making sure that the patient completely understands the method of treatment. Protocol for dose adjustment based on missed days should also be discussed.
Appropriate clinic follow-up when using home UVB phototherapy is at least once every three months. In addition to response to treatment, patients should be screened for any adverse reactions including recurrent severe burns or blistering. Thorough questioning including any changes in medical history or medications is also critical. Despite no proven scientific risk of increased skin cancers with the use of UVB phototherapy, a full skin examination is important to rule out any suspicious lesions.9 Lastly, patient instructions should once again be reinforced and any questions should be answered completely. Additional treatments should be prescribed according to a three-month supply at patient's current treatment frequency.
Discussion
Home phototherapy is convenient, cost-effective, and
associated with better quality of life compared to outpatient
phototherapy.5 Home phototherapy had similar
efficacy to office-based phototherapy in a randomized
controlled trial involving 195 patients.6 For patients
undergoing home phototherapy, 82 percent and 70
percent reached Self-Administered Psoriasis Area and
Severity Index (SAPASI) 50 and PASI 50, respectively,
compared with 79 percent and 73 percent of the patients receiving outpatient treatment. The overall
treatment effect, as assessed by the mean reduction in
PASI and SAPASI and increase in quality of life, was
significant and similar between the two groups.
However, few dermatologists have embraced home phototherapy. When asked why not, they cite inferior efficacy and higher risk, despite the lack of evidence to support these assumptions.4 In fact, with proper patient education and close monitoring of treatment, home phototherapy is well tolerated and efficacious for the treatment of moderate to severe generalized psoriasis.5 Reliable patients in whom outpatient phototherapy is absolutely impractical should be considered for treatment.
Education is Key
Patient education is the key to providing safe home
phototherapy. Patients should ideally start treatment in
an office-based setting and then transition to home
treatment. This provides a unique educational experience
in which patients learn to optimize phototherapy
while preventing adverse reactions. Home phototherapy
orientation should also be individualized according
to patient and type of equipment being utilized. As
shown in this paper, large variability exists in the
range of available phototherapy machines, and this
should play a role during patient education. Lastly,
close patient follow-up by a physician with a limited
number of regulated treatment sessions prescribed
between visits will provide the additional care needed
to optimize home UVB phototherapy.
Recommended
Joel L. Cohen, MD, FAAD, FACMS
Brad Glick, DO, MPH
Lisa Swanson, MD, FAAD
Peter A. Lio, MD
Lawrence Eichenfield, MD, FAAD
Martina J. Porter, MD
Joel M. Gelfand, MD, MSCE
Lloyd Miller, MD, PhD
Martin Metz, MD
