Therapeutics Update: Notable Approvals in 2017

One to Watch: Aclaris Therapeutics

By year’s end, the dermatology community may know the FDA’s decision on AT-101 40% topical solution, the topical treatment for seborrheic keratosis developed by Aclaris Therapeutics., Inc. Recently, CEO Neal Walker, DO, FAAD, MBA, spoke with Practical Dermatology® magazine about Aclaris and its investigational therapy.

AT-101 is under FDA review currently. What stands out to you in the data? How are clinicians reacting?

Neal Walker, DO: I think it’s been a very positive response mainly because it’s one of the most common things we see as dermatologists. When I used to practice, I would see about 80 patients in a day; half of them, at least, would have SK. They all come and ask.

I think the thing that resonates with the doctors is that they already have these patients in the office. The problem was the headwind was always concern about creating a new issue for the patient. One of the worst things you can do is create a mark for a mark. If you’re removing something strictly for aesthetic reasons, you don’t want to do that.

SK shouldn’t be a throw away lesion—something you ignore. The patient’s coming in and asking you about it. They want an option. You’re the expert as the dermatologist. Treat it.

What is the treatment protocol like for the patient?

Dr. Walker: There’s a continuum of minimally invasive procedures, starting with peels and microdermabrasion on one end and more complex things at the other end. Basically, a patient comes in, the dermatologist identifies the SK as a benign lesion and tells them, “Look, this is aesthetic. This won’t be reimbursed.” It falls into that aesthetic category.

Staff can apply the treatment. In fact, in our Phase 3 studies we had staff apply it, which we think that some offices will absolutely do. AT-101 has a pen-like applicator.

In our clinical studies, we allowed up to two applications. That was sufficient for many facial SKs to reach clear or near clear status in the trials. If somebody needs more treatment because the lesion is a little thicker, we did an open label study that allowed up to four applications.

Do you foresee any challenges to adoption and clinical integration?

Dr. Walker: Let’s say there are about 12,000 dermatologists in the US. Based on all the research we’ve done, we think our target audience is about a third of them out of the gate, because you want those early adopters. We’re focused on the face and neck. That’s where our product really does well. That’s where the highest aesthetic need is. We want to go to those offices that have that patient population.

Urban, suburban, females, 40 to 50s, willing to pay, really concerned with the aesthetic outcome—that’s our initial target out of the gate, and then we’ll continue to grow from that base. You want to grow from the right target base.

Do you think as adoption grows that this could serve as a gateway treatment for those practices that aren’t aesthetic but patients are going to drive demand?

Dr. Walker: Absolutely. There’s not really an artistry component, as with Botox or a filler. In this case, it’s a very simple procedure that can be handed off to staff. We’ve called it a gateway kind of aesthetic procedure in the past because it is a crossover. It’s a medical diagnosis that should be treated as an aesthetic lesion.

What do you feel that the approval means for Aclaris as a company? Can you talk a little bit about pipeline or other areas that you are looking at for future work?

Dr. Walker: Once you get commercial, it puts you on the map. We have a lot of visibility because we’re a publicly traded company, but certainly having a commercial product hopefully at the end of December, we’ll have a fully integrated company with a sales force. We’ve always had a great R&D infrastructure. We recently added on discovery capability. Our goal in doing all this was to be a fully integrated company. We think we have the right perspective and right vision, having practiced and really knowing what dermatologists really want before thinking about where the market’s going. The areas we’re investing in are aesthetics, minimally invasive procedures—obviously high growth markets—white space opportunities where there truly is nothing approved. I think a lot of people have ignored those areas maybe because they don’t know about them. It’s not topline like a psoriasis.

We’re also interested in immunodermatology. I think we’ve seen the great things companies like Regeneron has done in identifying a great new drug for atopic dermatitis. We’re focused on JAK inhibitors and small molecule kinase inhibitors. That was part of our acquisition in August. The team that developed tofacitinib had a drug discovery platform that focused on small molecule kinase inhibitors.

Inside the New Rosacea Classification System

A new rocasea classification system developed by a consensus panel convened by the National Rosacea Society (NRS) and published in Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology may change the way that clinicians approach the common skin disorder. According to the new system, the presence of one of two phenotypes—persistent redness of the facial skin or phymatous changes—is considered diagnostic of rosacea. Additional major cutaneous signs often appear with the diagnostic features. Secondary phenotypes, which must appear with one or more diagnostic or major phenotypes, include burning or stinging, swelling, and dry appearance.

Signs suggestive of ocular rosacea include telangiectases on the eyelid margin and bloodshot eyes, as well as inflammation and growth of fibrous tissue on the eye. Burning, stinging, light sensitivity and the sensation of a foreign object may also occur, as well as conjunctivitis, inflammation of oil glands at the rim of the eyelids (blepharitis), and crusty accumulations at the base of the eyelashes, in addition to others.

“I think there was a consensus amongst the community who were interested in rosacea,that there was time for an update,” notes NRS Consensus Committee Chair Richard Gallo, MD, in an interview with DermWire.com and Practical Dermatology® magazine. “The original classification was done at a time when very, very little was understood about the pathophysiology of rosacea. So, the focus on subtypes was successful in emphasizing for clinicians the physical signs and some of the symptoms associated with rosacea, to better make the diagnosis and proceed with a therapeutic plan.”

Since around 2012, Dr. Gallo notes, a great deal of research has elucidated the pathophysiology of rosacea and subsequently led to interest in new treatments. “It became clear now that we understand the basics of the causes of rosacea, just thinking about this in terms of subtypes was incomplete,” he says. “There was a need to really bring rosacea up to an equivalent level that most human diseases are considered, and that is that it doesn’t manifest itself as only one way, and typically many signs can overlap in different individuals.”

An important element of the new classification is that it allows diagnosis of rosacea absent the facial redness commonly associated with the disease. “The phenotype system also recognizes that there are, in addition to the diagnostic phenotypes, major phenotypes that can help make that diagnosis even in the absence of a fixed central facial erythema. And phymatous changes in those phenotypes are the papules, the pustules, flushing, telangiectases, and ocular changes. We suggest that having two of those signs, of those phenotypes, would also support a diagnosis,” Dr. Gallo explains. “This makes it, I think, much more practical and useful for the clinician.”

The new classification has implications for treatment, Dr. Gallo maintains. “When one sees phenotypes more involved with active inflammation and tissue changes, one may be directed towards therapies that address those aspects of the disease. On the other hand, if the changes reflect more pure vascular changes, then the therapies may go more towards targeting the vascular bed rather than the inflammatory system. Since both, really, exist in this disease,” he explains.

Looking Ahead: Fibrocell Science, Inc.

Fibrocell Science, Inc., a gene therapy company focused on transformational autologous cell-based therapies for skin and connective tissue diseases has been granted Rare Pediatric Disease Designation for FCX-013, its gene therapy candidate for the treatment of moderate to severe localized scleroderma. The Rare Pediatric Disease Designation augments the Orphan Drug Designation previously granted by the FDA to FCX-013 for the treatment of localized scleroderma, which includes linear scleroderma. John Maslowski, President and CEO, Fibrocell Science, talked about the company and its pipeline.

Could you give some context on Fibrocell and why it has focused on autologous therapies?

John Maslowski: Our approach to personalized biologics is distinctive based on our proprietary autologous fibroblast technology. By extracting fibroblast cells from a patient’s own skin, we create localized gene therapies that are compatible with the unique biology of each patient and have the potential to address the underlying cause of disease. Use of autologous therapies reduces the concern of an immunological reaction to the cells as opposed to allogeneic approaches.

What are some of the challenges associated with autologous technologies?

Mr. Maslowski: Because autologous therapies are custom manufactured for each patient to create a personalized therapy, critical aspects of manufacturing and logistics must be addressed. The operation must have controls in place to ensure traceability of cells throughout the entire manufacturing life cycle. Scale-up of autologous manufacturing must be carefully considered to ensure lot-to-lot consistency and efficiency. Many new technologies and rapid test methods have been developed to reduce costs. Fibrocell has developed such controls and evaluated new technologies as a result of our long history with autologous fibroblast manufacturing and applied them to our genetically-modified fibroblast platform.

We believe the fibroblast is an ideal vehicle, as it is the most common and abundant type of cell in the dermal layer and allows us to target specific genetic diseases of the skin.

How did Fibrocell hit on FCX-007 for RDEB?

Mr. Maslowski: The concept for FCX-007 began with the initiation of our partnership with Intrexon Corporation. The basis of this partnership was to bring together our regulatory-vetted autologous fibroblast program with Intrexon’s synthetic biology tools to target rare skin diseases that are monogenic in nature. RDEB is caused by a mutation in a single gene known as COL7A1, which encodes a protein called type VII collagen (COL7). A lack of functional COL7 expression leads to a reduction or loss of anchoring fibrils—the structures that adhere the layers of skin together.

This collaboration with Intrexon enabled us to create FCX-007. We began with early product development work, optimizing vector efficiency and characterizing the cells. It was important to determine that the COL7 protein being produced was functional, as verified by several assays created by the team. We moved into pre-clinical pharmacology with the help of Key Opinion Leaders at Stanford University School of Medicine, who have been researching EB for decades. We eventually completed toxicology/biodistribution studies that led to filing an Investigational New Drug (IND) application for FCX-007 to the FDA.

FCX-007 is currently under evaluation in a Phase 1/2 clinical trial. Twelve patients are targeted to be treated with FCX-007 consisting of six adults in the Phase 1 portion of the trial and six patients in the Phase 2 portion of the trial. Pediatric patients will be included in Phase 2, subject to FDA allowance. Through September 2017, three adult patients have been dosed and evaluated in follow-up. From this initial three-patient cohort, we observed encouraging safety, pharmacology and wound healing data 12 weeks’ post-administration. We expect to perform additional dosing of adult patients in the fourth quarter of 2017. Furthermore, subject to FDA allowance, we expect to begin enrollment of pediatric patients in the first quarter of 2018.

How could FCX-007 benefit patients?

Mr. Maslowski: Our hope is FCX-007 promotes wound closure and provides durability of the skin after healing. The dosing frequency will be determined during the clinical program of FCX-007. Potentially, the treatment will be administered over the course of the patient’s lifetime as new wounds emerge in different anatomical locations.

What else is in the pipeline?

Mr. Maslowski: Our second gene therapy product candidate, FCX-013, is in pre-clinical development for the treatment of moderate to severe localized scleroderma. FCX-013 is an autologous fibroblast genetically-modified using lentivirus and encoded for matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1), a protein responsible for breaking down collagen. The goal is to reduce the fibrotic lesions and restore normal function and development.

We are currently performing GLP toxicology and biodistribution studies, and plan to submit an IND application for FCX-013 to the FDA in the fourth quarter of 2017.